International Conference on Histochemistry and Cell Biology September 14-15, 2016 Phoenix, Arizona, USA

Track 1: Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 

Histochemistry is the identification and study of chemical reactions within and around the microstructure of biological cells and tissues observed using particular techniques to prepare histology and microscopes to observe those specimens.

Cytochemistry The study of intracellular distribution of chemicals, reaction sites and enzymes, often by means of staining reactions, radioactive isotope uptake, selective metal distribution in electron microscopy, or other methods.

Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry publishes comprehensive and analytical reviews as well as short surveys (mini-reviews) on a broad range of topics from the entire field of histology and cytotology. Methodological contributions including monographs as well as papers dealing with applied histo and cytochemistry (e.g. cell biology Techniques, pathology, clinical disciplines) are considered. Especially welcome are contributions considering and promoting the relationship with biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics. Occasionally comments of topical aspects will be considered.

Related conferences of Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology, August  1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry, October 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 5^th International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 9-11, 2016 Chicago, USA;  2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome,Italy; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India; 15^th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry,          Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; 19th International Congress of Cytology Yokohama, 28 -1, June, 2016, Manchester, UK; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy;The Histochemical Society, Society for Histochemistry, International Federation of Societies for Histochemistry

Tract 2: Cell Biology

Cell biology formerly called cytology and otherwise known as molecular or cell biology, is a branch of histology and cell biology that studies the different structures and functions of the cell and focuses mainly on the idea of the cell as the basic unit of life. Cell biology explains the structure, organization of the organelles they contain, their physiological properties, metabolicprocesses, signaling pathways, life cycle, and interactions with their environment. This is done both on a microscopic and molecular level as it encompasses prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences it is also essential for research in bio-medical fields such as cancer, and other diseases. Research in cell biology is closely related to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology, and developmental biology.

The study of the cell is done on a molecular level; however, most of the processes within the cells are made up of a mixture of small organic molecules, inorganic ions, hormones, and water. Approximately 75-85% of the cell’s volume is due to water making it an indispensable solvent as a result of its polarity and structure. These molecules within the cell, which operate as substrates, provide a suitable environment for the cell to carry out metabolic reactions and signalling. The cell shape varies among the different types of organisms, and is thus then classified into two categories: eukaryotes and prokaryotes. In the case of eukaryotic cells - which are made up of animal, plant, fungi, and protozoa cells - the shapes are generally round and spherical, while for prokaryotic cells – which are composed of bacteria and archaea - the shapes are: spherical (cocci), rods (bacillus), curved (vibrio), and spirals (spirochetes).Cell biology focuses more on the study of eukaryotic cells, and their signalling pathways, rather than on prokaryotes which is covered under microbiology. 

Related conferences of Cell Biology:

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology, August  1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry, October 13-15, 2016 kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany IlCioccoLucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, June 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology,  February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical Biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016, Dijon, France, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; American Society for Cell Biology; Indian Society of Cell Biology, British Society for Cell Biology

Tract 3: Molecular Biology

Molecular biology  the molecular basis of biological activity between biomolecules in the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and proteins and their biosynthesis, as well as the regulation of these interactions. Writing in Nature in 1961, William Astbury described molecular biology as:

An approach from the viewpoint of the so-called biological sciences with the leading idea of searching below the large-scale manifestations of classical biology for the corresponding molecular plan. It is concerned particularly with the forms of biological molecules and is predominantly three-dimensional and structural—which does not mean, however, that it is merely a refinement of morphology. It must at the same time inquire into genesis and function.

Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and cell function. The central dogma of molecular biology where genetic material is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein, despite being an oversimplified picture of molecular biology, still provides a good starting point for understanding the field. This picture, however, is undergoing revision in light of emerging novel roles for RNA.

Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology. As of the early 2000s, the study of gene structure and function, molecular genetics, has been among the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.

Increasingly many other loops of biology focus on molecules, either directly studying their interactions in their own right such as in cell biology and developmental biology, or indirectly, where the techniques of molecular biology are used to infer historical attributes of populations or species, as in fields in evolutionary biology such as population genetics and phylogenetic. There is also a long tradition of studying biomolecules "from the ground up" in biophysics.

Related conferences of Molecular Biology:

International Conference and Exhibition on Transplantation Research & Techniques, March 29-30, 2016 Atlanta, USA; International Conference and Exhibition On Cytology & Histology, August 1-3, 2016, Machester, Uk; Conference on Biochemistry October 13-15, 2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; Internatinal Conference and Exhibition on Material Chemistry, March 31-April 1,2016 Valencia, Spain; Tissue Niches & Resident Stem Cells in Adult Epithelia Gordon Research Conference, Regulation of Tissue Homeostasis by Signaling in the Stem Cell Niche, August 7-12,2016,  Hong Kong, China; Sixth International Conference on Metals in Genetics, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Feb 2016 17- 20, 2016,Bangalore, India; The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical Biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016, Dijon, France; Molecular biology & Cellular Neurobiology Gordon Research Conference ,June 12-17, 2016, Hong Kong, China; Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; American Chemical Society  , American Physiological Society, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Tract 4: Cancer Biology

Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales. More explicitly, because cancer spans multiple biologicals, spatial and temporal scales, communication and feedback mechanisms across the scales create a highly complex dynamic system. The relationships between scales are not simple or necessarily direct, and sometimes become combinatorial, so that systems approaches are essential to evaluate these relationships quantitatively and qualitatively.

Cancer systems biology therefore adopts a holistic view of cancer aimed at integrating its many biological scales, including genetics, signalling networks, epigenetics, cellular behavior, histology, (pre)clinical manifestations and epidemiology. Ultimately, cancer properties at one scale, e.g., histology, are explained by properties at a scale below, e.g., cell behavior. Likewise, a higher scale, e.g., epidemiology, can encroach on a lower scale, e.g., genetics. The fundamental concept is that percolation of properties across scales must be measured and taken into account in order to fully understand etiology, progression and dynamics of cancer. The systems biology approach relies heavily on the successes of decades of reductionism, which has clarified the component parts and mechanistic principles of living organisms, as well as their key alterations in cancer, especially at the genetic/genomic scale, to deep detail. Basic researchers and clinicians have progressively recognized the complexity of cancer and of its interaction with the micro- and macro-environment, since putting together the components to provide a cohesive view of the disease has been challenging and hampered progress. Cancer Systems Biology transcends the “reductionist” approach to cancer that typically produces causative explanations focused on a single gene or mutation, with little emphasis on inter-scale relationships.

Cancer systems biology merges traditional basic and clinical cancer research with “exact” sciences, such as applied mathematics, engineering, and physics. It incorporates a spectrum of “omics” technologies (genomics, proteomics, epigenomics, etc.) and molecular imaging, to generate computational algorithms and quantitative models that shed light on mechanisms underlying the cancer process and predict response to intervention.

Related conferences of Cancer Biology:

6^th World Congress on Cell & Stem cell kResearch, February 29-March 2, 2016   Philadelphia, USA; International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology; August  1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; 5^th International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; Keystone Symposia: Axons From Cell Biology to Pathology, Jan 24-27, 2016,Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA; The Stem Cell Niche–Development & Disease, May 22-26, 2016, Hillerød, Denmark; Tissue Niches & Resident Stem Cells in Adult Epithelia Gordon Research Conference, Regulation of Tissue Homeostasis by Signaling in the Stem Cell Niche, August 7-12, 2016 Hong Kong, China; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il CioccoLucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey, Chemistry ConferencesEurope June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; European Association for Cancer Research, American cancer society, The British Association for Cancer Research

Tract 5: Cell and Developmental Biology

Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop, and is synonymous with ontogeny. In animals most development occurs in embryonic life, but it is also found in cell regeneration, asexual reproduction and metamorphosis, and in the growth and differentiation of stem cells in the adult organism. In plants, development occurs in embryos, during vegetative reproduction, and in the normal outgrowth of roots, shoots and flowers. Practical outcomes from the study of animal developmental biology have included in vitro fertilization, now widely used in fertility treatment, the understanding of risks from substances that can damage the fetus (teratogens), and the creation of various animal models for human disease which are useful in research. Developmental Biology has also helped to generate modern stem cells biology which promises a number of important practical benefits for human health.

The main processes involved in the embryonic development of animals are: regional specification, morphogenesis, cell differentiation, growth, and the overall control of timing. Regional specification refers to the processes that create spatial pattern in a ball or sheet of initially similar cells. This generally involves the action of cytoplasmic determinants, located within parts of the fertilized egg, and of inductive signals emitted from signaling centers in the embryo. The early stages of regional specification do not generate functional differentiated cells, but cell populations committed to develop to a specific region or part of the organism. These are defined by the expression of specific combinations of transcription factors. Morphogenesis relates to the formation of three-dimensional shape. It mainly involves the orchestrated movements of cell sheets and of individual cells. Morphogenesis is important for creating the three germ layers of the early embryo (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) and for building up complex structures during organ development. Cell differentiation relates specifically to the formation of functional cell types such as nerve, muscle, secretory epithelia etc. Differentiated cells contain large amounts of specific proteins associated with the cell function. Growth involves both an overall increase in size, and also the differential growth of parts (allometry) which contributes to morphogenesis. Growth mostly occurs through cell division but also through changes of cell size and the deposition of extracellular materials. The control of timing of events and the integration of the various processes with one another is the least well understood area of the subject. It remains unclear whether animal embryos contain a master clock mechanism or not. The development of plants involves similar processes to that of animals. However plant cells are mostly immotile so morphogenesis is achieved by differential growth, without cell movements. Also, the inductive signals and the genes involved in plant development are different from those that control animal development.

Related conferences of Cell and Developmental Biology:

6^th Euro Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Congress, October 27-29, 2016 Rome ,Italy; International Conference and Exhibition On Cytology & Histology, August 1-3,2016 Machester, Uk; Conference on Biochemistry October 13-15 ,2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22,2016 Rome, Italy; Internatinal Conference and Exhibition on Material Chemistry, March 31-April 1,2016 Valencia, Spain; Tissue Niches & Resident stem cells in Adult Epithelia Gordon Research Conference, Regulation of Tissue Homeostasis by Signaling in the Stem Cell Niche, August 7-12, Hong Kong, China; Sixth International Conference on Metals in Genetics, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Feb 17- 20, 2016, Bangalore, India; The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016,  Dijon, France;  Molecular & Cellular Neurobiology Gordon Research Conference, June 12-17, 2016,Hong Kong, China; Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India,Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; American Society for Cell Biology, Society for Developmental Biology, British Society for Development Biology

Tract 6: Biochemistry

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. By controlling information flow through biochemical signaling and the flow of chemical energy through metabolism, biochemical processes give rise to the complexity of life. Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become so successful at explaining living processes that now almost all areas of the life sciences from botany to medicine to genetics are engaged in biochemical research. Today, the main focus of pure biochemistry is on understanding how biological molecules give rise to the processes that occur within living cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissue, organs, and whole organisms that is, all of biology.

Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, the study of the molecular mechanisms by which genetic information encoded in DNA is able to result in the processes of life. Depending on the exact definition of the terms used, molecular biology can be thought of as a branch of biochemistry, or biochemistry as a tool with which to investigate and study molecular biology.

Much of biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids, which provide the structure of cells and perform many of the functions associated with life. The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. These can be inorganic, for example water and metal ions, or organic, for example the amino acids, which are used to synthesize proteins. The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. The findings of biochemistry are applied primarily in medicine, nutrition, and agriculture. In medicine, biochemists investigate the causes and cures of diseases. In nutrition, they study how to maintain health and study the effects of nutritional deficiencies. In agriculture, biochemists investigate soil and fertilizers, and try to discover ways to improve crop cultivation, crop storage and pest control.

Related conferences of Biochemistry:

6^th Euro Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Congress, October 27-29, 2016 Rome ,Italy; International Conference and Exhibition On Cytology & Histology, August 1-3,2016 Machester, Uk; Conference on Biochemistry October 13-15 ,2016 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22,2016 Rome, Italy; Internatinal Conference and Exhibition on Material Chemistry, March 31-April 1,2016 Valencia, Spain; Tissue Niches & Resident stem cells in Adult Epithelia Gordon Research Conference, Regulation of Tissue Homeostasis by Signaling in the Stem Cell Niche, August 7-12, Hong Kong, China; Sixth International Conference on Metals in Genetics, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Feb 17- 20, 2016, Bangalore, India; The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016,  Dijon, France;  Molecular & Cellular Neurobiology Gordon Research Conference, June 12-17, 2016,Hong Kong, China; Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India,Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; FEBS | The Biochemical Society, Biochemical Society Symposia, Canadian Society of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology

Tract 7: Cell science

In biology, cell theory is a scientific theory which describes the properties of cells. These cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the basic unit of reproduction. With continual improvements made to microscopes over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery is largely attributed to Robert Hooke, and began the scientific study of cells, also known as cell biology. Over a century later, many debates about cells began amongst scientists. Most of these debates involved the nature of cellulartissue regeneration, and the idea of cells as a fundamental unit of life. Cell theory was eventually formulated in 1838. This is usually credited to Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. However, many other scientists like Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory. Cell theory has become the foundation of biology and is the most widely accepted explanation of the function of cells.

The three tenets to the cell theory are as described below:

1.     All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. (However, this is controversial because non-cellular life such as viruses are disputed as a life form.

2.     The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.

3.     Cells come from pre-existing cells.

Related conferences Cell Science:

Conference on Biochemistry, October 13-15, 2016 kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology; August 11-12, 2016, Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry; October 20-22, 2016, Rome, Italy; Internatinal Conference and Exhibition on Material Chemistry, March 31-April 1,2016, Valencia, Spain , International Conference on Molecular Biology October 13-15,2016 Dubai,UAE; International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical Biology to Clinical Applications October 16, 2016, Dijon, France;  Sixth International Conference on Metals in Genetics, Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, Feb 17- 20 , 2016, Bangalore, India; Molecular & Cellular Neurobiology Gordon Research Conference , June 12-17, 2016, Hong Kong, China; Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; National Centre For Cell Science, International Society for Stem Cell Research, Science and Society

Tract 8: Genomics and Bioinformatics

Genomic technologies are generating an extraordinary amount of information, unprecedented in the history of Biology. Thus, a new scientific discipline, Bioinformatics, at the intersection between Computation Biology, has recently emerged. Bioinformatics addresses the specific needs in data acquisition, storage, analysis and integration that research in genomics generates. Within the CRG, Bioinformatics plays a role central to the other research programs at the CRG.

Among the current research lines, we highlight 1) Gene Prediction and Modeling of Splicing, related to the research on Regulation of Alternative Splicing, and on Regulation of Protein Synthesis within the "Gene Regulation" program, and in general with the "Genes and Diseases" program,

2) Identification and characterization of genomic regions involved in Gene Regulation, related to the research on Chromatin and Gene Expression, and on RNA proteins Interactions within the "Gene Regulation" program, and

3) Molecular Evolution, which includes evolution of the exonic structure of the genes, and evolution of splicing.

The "Bioinformatics" program also includes a research group in microarrays, which will be complemented soon with a new group specifically devoted to Microarray Informatics. The "Bioinformatics" program is closely related to the Research Group in Biomedical Informatics . A number of complementary research lines are being developed in Molecular Modeling, Protein Structure Prediction, and Complex Systems.

Related conferences of Genomics and Bioinformatics:

7^th International Conference and Exhibition on Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques, September 29- 1 October, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; 2^nd International Conference on Current Trends in Mass Spectroscopy May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; International conference and Exhibition on  Cytology & Histology, August 1-3, 2016, Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry October 13-15, 2016 Lumpur, Malaysia; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24,2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy;  Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19,2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; 19^th International Congress of Cytology Yokohama,28 -1, June, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, India, American association for the advancement of science

Tract 9: Cytochemistry

A branch of cytology that studies the chemistry of cell structures and the location of chemical compounds within a cell and their transformations in connection with the functioning of the cell and its individual components. Staining techniques were subsequently developed to observe carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, mineral compounds, and lipids under the microscope. The introduction of the use of aniline dyes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries led to major advances in cytochemistry and immune cell biology. The principal approach in cytochemistry involves conducting appropriate chemical reactions in histological specimens and then evaluating them under a microscope. The evaluation may be qualitative (visual) or quantitative, using cyto photometry, autoradiography, and other methods.

The use of electron microscopy and immunecytochemistry techniques in cytochemistry has been developing rapidly in recent years. Also used are micro chemical methods, which make it possible to excise and examine individual cells, and centrifugation, which makes it possible to obtain tissue fractions abounding in certain types of cells or subcellular structures, such as nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and cytoplasmic membranes. The main achievements of cytochemistry include the demonstration of the constant quantity of the DNA in the chromosome set, as well as the demonstration of the participation of macro-molecules (nucleic acids and proteins) in the specific functional activity of the plant biochemistrycell and the irmigration within the cell from the affective neuroscience to the cytoplasm and from the cell body to the outgrowths and back.

Related conferences Cytochemistry

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology, August 1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; Internatinal Conference and Exhibition on Material Chemistry, March 31-April 01, 2016, Valencia, Spain; International Conference on Molecular Biology; October 13-15, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 19^th International Congress of Cytology Yokohama, June 28 -1, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; McGill Cytopatholgy Review course May 7 – 10, 2016, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; 19th Latin American Congress of Cytology, April 16-19, 2017 in Buenos Aires, Argentina; International CME in Pathology,Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; Alliance for cellular signalling, American chemical society, American Society for Cell Biology

Tract 10: Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms. It is generally considered a field of biology, but it intersects frequently with many of the life sciences and is strongly linked with the study of information systems.

The father of genetics is Gregor Mendel, a late 19th-century scientist and Augustinian friar. Mendel studied 'trait inheritance', patterns in the way traits were handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete "units of inheritance". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.

Trait inheritance and molecular inheritance mechanisms of genes are still primary principles of genetics in the 21st century, but modern genetics has expanded beyond inheritance to studying the function and behavior of genes. Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance) and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of sub-fields including epigenetics and population genetics. Organisms studied within the broad field span the domain of life, including bacteria, plants, animals, and humans.

Genetic processes work in combination with an organism's environment and experiences to influence development and behavior, often referred to as nature versus nurture. The intra- or extra-cellular environment of a cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off. A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate. While the average height of the two corn stalks may be genetically determined to be equal, the one in the arid climate only grows to half the height of the one in the temperate climate due to lack of water and nutrients in its environment.

Related Conference of Genetics:

Annual Conference on Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Aug 4-6, 2016 Frankfurt, Germany; International Conference on Structural Biology, June 23-24, 2016 New Orleans, USA; International Conference on Molecular Biology, October 13-15, 2016 Dubai, UAE; 2nd International Conference on Synthetic Biology, August 18-20, 2016 London, UK; 2nd International Congress on Neuroimmunology and Therapeutics, March 31-April 02, 2016 Atlanta, USA; stem cell Regenerative Medicine, 23 Oct - 23 Nov 2015 Wilmington, United States;American Society for Cell Biology Annual Meeting; 12 Dec -16 Dec 2015  San Diego, United States; BioTech 8 -Immunonchemistry 14 Dec 2015-18 Dec 2015 Bathesda, Maryland, United States; Prenatal Molecular Diagnostics, 16 Nov- 18 Nov 2015 Boston, MA, United States; Hematopoietic Stem Cells From the Embryo to the Aging Organism, 3 Jun - 05 Jun 2016 Heidelberg, Germany, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; Translational genomics research institute, The institute for genome research, Stress Genomics Consortium

Tract 11: Immunology

Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver. When health conditions worsen to emergency status, portions of immune system organs including the thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues can be surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive.

Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body.

Related conferences of Immunology:

7^th International Conference and Exhibition on Analytical & Bioanalytical Techniques, September 29- 1 October, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; 2^nd International Conference on Current Trends in Mass Spectroscopy May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; International conference and Exhibition on  Cytology & Histology, August 1-3, 2016, Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry October 13-15, 2016 Lumpur, Malaysia; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24,2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy;  Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19,2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry; Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; 19^th International Congress of Cytology Yokohama,28 -1, June, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India,Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; British Society for Immunology, International Union of Immunological Societies, European Federation of Immunological Societies

Tract 12: Systems Biology and Computational Biology

Increasingly complex biological problems and extremely large biological data sets have necessitated new approaches to answer many of today’s current research challenges and tackle emerging questions in biology not amenable to traditional approaches.  As one of the fields in the “New Biologies”, Computational and Systems Biology (CSB) encompasses an interdisciplinary approach that harnesses the power of computation and systems-level analyses to formulate and solve critical biological problems.  These research programs within CSB also synergize and collaborate with the extensive basic and clinical research programs at the University of Pittsburgh and across the globe.  Concomitant with our research foci, CSB is also a leader in educating and training all levels of emerging and nascent scientists, who will continue this work and identify and tackle new biological problems of the next generation.

The Major is designed primarily for highly motivated students interested in interdisciplinary activities in life sciences, behavioral sciences, and the computational, control, communication and information branches of engineering and computer sciences. Primary emphasis is on integrative computational and systems biology studies. Students have several options for in-depth studies: a coherent integration of courses selected from one of five designated concentrations in Systems Biology, Bioinformatics, Neurosystems, Biomedical Systems or Computers & Biosystems; or from the broader concentration areas of life sciences, behavioral sciences, engineering and applied mathematical sciences, from these areas.

Related conferences of Systems Biology and Computational Biology:

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology, August  1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry, October 13-15, 2016 kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany IlCioccoLucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, June 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology,  February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical Biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016, Dijon, France, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; The international society for computational biology, Federation of American scientists , Japanese network of database and computational services for genome research

Tract 13: Nano biology

It is well known in molecular biology that nature exploits nanoscale structure and mechanics for determining the properties and functions of biomolecules. These properties are significantly influenced by nanoscale molecular mechanics. Structure and mechanics plays an important role even in many biochemically important processes, for example oxygenation of hemoglobin in order to sustain life. The realization that many molecular phenomena are manifest in mechanical responses at the nanoscale offers unprecedented potential for developing sensors, machines, and other devices. Utilizing mechanics on the nanoscale is a paradigm shift in science and technology.

Related conferences of Nanobiology:

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology& Histology, August 1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry October 13-15, 2016, kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition onPathology, May 9-11,2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22,2016 Rome,Italy; 19^thInternational Congress of Cytology Yokohama, June 28 -1, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; McGill Cytopatholgy Review course May 7 – 10, 2016, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; 19th Latin American Congress of Cytology, April 16-19, 2017 in Buenos Aires, Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; Australasian Proteomics Society, American Society for Cell Biology, American society of human genetics

Tract 14: Forensic Biology

Forensic biology is the application of biology to law enforcement.

It includes the subdisciplines of forensic anthropology, forensic botany, forensic entomology, forensic odontology and various DNA or protein based techniques.

DNA-based evidence has become a significant tool that many law enforcement investigators now have at their disposal. DNA evidence can definitively link a suspect to either a crime scene or victim. Nuclear DNA evidence has been recovered from blood, semen, saliva, skin cells andhair. Furthermore, Mitochondrial DNA can be recovered from both bone and teeth dating back thousands of years. Laboratory analysis of DNA evidence generally involves the sample being amplified and quantified by a form of the Polymerase chain reaction known as Quantitative PCR or qPCR. (PCR) amplification of any sample recovered followed by sequencing via Capillary electrophoresis in order to obtain a DNA profile which can be compared to suspect DNA.

DNA can also be extracted from animals and used to at least identify the species, for example bird or bat remains on an airplane or wind turbine

Related conferences of Forensic Biology:

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology, August  1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry, October 13-15, 2016 kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany IlCioccoLucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, June 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology,  February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical Biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016, Dijon, France, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; American Academy of Forensic Sciences, The Chartered Society of Forensic Sciences, American Chemical Society

Tract 15: Biotechnology

Biotechnology is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use”.Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of bioengineering,biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, etc.

For thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food production, and medicine. The term is largely believed to have been coined in 1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical therapies and diagnostic tests

Related conferences of Biotechnology:

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology & Histology, August  1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochemistry, October 13-15, 2016 kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 09-11, 2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22, 2016 Rome, Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology Gordon  Research Conference, June 19-24, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany Il Ciocco Lucca (Barga), Italy; Immunochemistry & Immunobiology (GRS)Gordon Research Seminar Technologies and Discoveries Advancing the Frontiers of Immunology, June 18-19, 2016, Renaissance Tuscany IlCioccoLucca (Barga), Italy; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, June 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; International CME in Pathology, Histopathology and Cytopathology,  February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, The Expanding Toolbox of Medicinal Chemistry: from Chemical Biology to Clinical Applications, October 16, 2016, Dijon, France, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; The Biotech Research Society, India , The Australian biotechnology association, The international center for genetic engineering and biotechnology

Tract 16: Applied Physics: Biophysics, Medical Physics and Healthcare Technologies

Applied physics is physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between physics and engineering.

"Applied" is distinguished from "pure" by a subtle combination of factors such as the motivation and attitude of researchers and the nature of the relationship to the technology or science that may be affected by the work. It usually differs from engineering in that an applied physicist may not be designing something in particular, but rather is using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving an engineering problem. This approach is similar to that of applied mathematics. In other words, applied physics is rooted in the fundamental truths and basic concepts of the physical sciences but is concerned with the utilization of these scientific principles in practical devices and systems.

Applied physicists can also be interested in the use of physics for scientific research. For instance, the field of accelerator physics can contribute to research in theoretical physics by enabling design and construction of high-energy colliders.

Related conferences of Applied Physics: Biophysics, Medical Physics and Healthcare Technologies:

International conference and Exhibition on Cytology& Histology, August 1-3, 2016 Manchester, UK; Conference on Biochem istry October 13-15, 2016, kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 5^th  International Conference and Exhibition on Pathology, May 9-11,2016 Chicago, USA; 2^nd International Conference on Cytopathology, August 11-12, 2016 Birmingham, UK; International Conference on Nuclear Chemistry, October 20-22,2016 Rome,Italy; 19^thInternational Congress of Cytology Yokohama, June 28 -1, 2016, Pacifico Yokohama, Japan; McGill Cytopatholgy Review course May 7 – 10, 2016, Montréal, Québec, Canada; 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, Jun 19-22, 2016, Istanbul, Turkey; 19th Latin American Congress of Cytology, April 16-19, 2017 in Buenos Aires, Histopathology and Cytopathology, February 4-6, 2016, Bambolim, Goa, India, Chemistry Conferences Europe June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; World health organization Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, The European Association for Bioindustries